Saturday, February 28, 2009

Aetoxylon sympetalum - Gaharu species

Thymelaeaceae
Aetoxylon sympetalum

Tree up to 40m tall and 60cm diameter.

Habitat: Locally frequent in kerangas forest.

Distribution: In West Sarawak

Local name: Gaharu buaya

Note: A monotypic genus of Sarawak, producing the most valuable gaharu wood from the heartwood. This species is threatened due to over-exploitation.

Friday, February 27, 2009

Poverty eradication with Gaharu

The Sabah Land Development Board (SLDB) will embark on ‘gaharu’ or agarwood commercial planting, which could provide a viable option for its poverty eradication programme.

SLDB general manager Jhuvarri Majid said the hilly terrain in the interior of Sabah had been identified for commercial planting of the scented wood.

“A 400ha piece of land has been earmarked for an agarwood plantation and work on the first phase covering 40ha is expected to begin soon.

“From what we have gathered and the knowledge available to us, agarwood is native to Sabah and can be found in the wild in Keningau and Pensiangan,” he said in a statement issued here yesterday.

He said SLDB, which started a 20ha trial plot in Lahad Datu, would be working closely with a local company, Sudahgaharu Sdn Bhd, to come out with a working model to establish the wood’s commercial viability.

Jhuvarri said in addition to the commercial project, agarwood planting could be integrated with a reforestation programme to maintain and enrich the greenery in the state.

He said a Kelantan-based Thai company, Sahabat Pertanian AT Thai (M) Sdn Bhd, was keen to initiate a joint venture for large-scale agarwood planting in Sabah.

“The Thais have developed an agarwood species known as Aquilaria Subintegra, which is the best variety and we will get the seedlings from them,” he added.

An acre of land can be planted with up to 1,100 agarwood trees and they take seven years to mature, after which the trunks are inoculated with a special formula to induce resin production that can be harvested between nine and 12 months.

Prices can reach more than US$30,000 for a kilogramme of top quality oil and resinous wood.

The current supply of agarwood can only meet about 20 per cent of global demand, particularly from the Middle East, which is the major buyer, according to the statement.

— Bernama

Thursday, February 19, 2009

科学知识gaharu

记录科学知识gaharu和沉香可以追溯到几百年的杂志第一次探险家,商人,和博物学家到亚洲。

科学研究热带林业和农业在19世纪和20世纪初集中于物种的重要商业价值的殖民贸易公司,主要是茶,咖啡,可可,和橡胶。研究兴趣沉香及其初级产品, gaharu ,已零星最好。

大多数出版物集中在沉香的植物特性,其产品及其使用,偶尔的加工技术,以及后来的力学性能,木结构,化学性质。一些第一批控制,科学实验与沉香和gaharu在印度开始生产在20世纪20年代后期( Beniwal 1989年)。

在未来的几十年中,只有极少数的研究报告已经发表。从1970年到1994年,只有22条生产,有超过四分之三出现在过去十年半的时间。的模式出现在一系列的研究课题相关的沉香表明极大兴趣,无论是在消费以及生产国,其增加的商业活动。与前十年中,一些研究文章对这一物种的两倍,在过去十年。

各个方面的专题,其中包括研究,化学,植物学,以及真菌方面,大约两倍多的出版物上出现了化学分析,特别是从日本科学家感兴趣的生物合成。信息研究和贸易商在东南亚地区实地试验表明,试验各种再生方法和接种协议正在开展在不丹,缅甸,泰国,印度尼西亚,越南和老挝。小本研究已经出版,并很可能保留作为专有资料的潜在利润丰厚的利润是从成功驯化gaharu生产。

来源:生态和社会效益: 学习从传统知识的非木材森林产品: Penan Benalui和个体生态学的沉香在印尼婆罗洲

English: Scientific knowledge on gaharu

Arabic: المعرفة العلمية على

Chinese:

に関する科学的知識

gaharuに関する科学的知識とAquilaria記録の最初の探検家に戻るには数世紀の定期刊行物の日付、トレーダーらは、アジアにナチュラリスト。

熱帯林業、農業、 19 、 20世紀初期の重要な商業的価値の種には、植民地の貿易会社を中心に実施の科学技術研究特に紅茶、コーヒー、カカオ、ゴム。 Aquilariaの研究関心とその一次製品、 gaharu 、されて最高の状態で散発している。

ほとんどの出版物Aquilariaの植物の特性に焦点を当てて、機械的性質に加工技術を自社製品とその用途は、時折、その後、木構造、および化学的特性。 いくつかの最初の制御、 Aquilariaとgaharu生産科学実験、インドでは1920年代後半に始まった( Beniwal 1989 ) 。

今後数十年間にわたり、研究報告書のほんの一握りに発表された。 1970年、 1994年、わずか22の記事を生産され、 4分の3以上は、過去10年間との間で半分に表示されています。 その研究テーマに関連するAquilariaの範囲を越え出現パターンだけでなく、生産国は、商業活動の増加と消費者の両方に興味の急増を、示しています。 前の10年と比較すると、この種の研究論文の数は、過去10年間でtrebled 。

化学薬品、植物の研究など、トピックのスペクトルは、菌学の面全体で、およそ2倍の多くの出版物の化学分析には、日本の科学者からの生合成に興味が特に掲載されている。 情報を研究者や東南アジアのトレーダーからは、実地試験ブータン、ミャンマー、タイ、インドネシア、ベトナム、ラオスで行われている様々な再生方法や接種プロトコルのテストを示しています。 本研究のほとんど公開されているが、独自の情報は、潜在的な有利な利益を与えられたとしてgaharu生産の成功で作られている家畜に保持されることがあります。

出典:生態学と社会: 学習伝統的知識以外の森林からの木材製品: Penan Benaluiし、個生態学Aquilariaのインドネシアのボルネオで

Arabic: المعرفة العلمية على

English: Scientific knowledge on gaharu

Chinese

Tuesday, February 17, 2009

gaharu المعرفة العلمية على

سجل المعرفة العلمية المتعلقة gaharu و Aquilaria يعود تاريخها إلى قرون عدة مجلات من أول المستكشفين ، والتجار ، والطبيعة لآسيا.

البحث العلمي في الزراعة والغابات المدارية ، التي يضطلع بها في وقت مبكر و19th قرون 20th تركز على الأنواع ذات القيمة التجارية الكبيرة لالاستعمارية بين الشركات التجارية وأهمها الشاي والقهوة والكاكاو والمطاط. البحث في Aquilaria والمنتجات الأولية ، gaharu ، كان متقطعا في أفضل الأحوال.

معظم المنشورات التي تركز على خصائص Aquilaria النباتية ، ومنتجاتها واستخداماتها ، وأحيانا على تقنيات المعالجة ، في وقت لاحق ، والميكانيكية والخشب وهيكل ، والكيميائية. بعض الأولى التي تسيطر عليها ، والتجارب العلمية مع Aquilaria وgaharu بدأ الإنتاج في الهند في أواخر 1920s (Beniwal 1989).

في العقود القليلة القادمة ، سوى عدد قليل من التقارير البحثية نشرت. بين عامي 1970 و 1994 ، سوى 22 في المواد المنتجة ، وأكثر من ثلاثة أرباع الواردة في العقد ونصف العقد الماضيين. النمط الذي يبرز عبر مجموعة من المواضيع البحثية المتعلقة Aquilaria يدل على تزايد الاهتمام في كل من المستهلكين وكذلك البلدان المنتجة ، مع زيادة في النشاط التجاري. بالمقارنة مع العقد السابق ، وعدد من المقالات البحثية حول هذه الأنواع ثلاث مرات خلال العقد الماضي.

عبر من المواضيع ، بما في ذلك البحث عن الأسلحة الكيميائية والنباتية ، وجوانب فطري ، تقريبا ضعف عدد المنشورات التي ظهرت على التحليل الكيميائي ، وخاصة من العلماء اليابانيين المهتمين الحيوي .معلومات من الباحثين والتجار في منطقة جنوب شرق آسيا إلى أن التجارب الميدانية في مختلف التجارب وتجديد أساليب والبروتوكولات التطعيم وتجري في بوتان وبورما وتايلاند واندونيسيا وفيتنام ولاوس. يذكر هذا البحث قد نشر ، وربما يكون الابقاء على الملكية والمعلومات نظرا لاحتمال أن تكون أرباح مجزية من النجاح في تدجين gaharu الإنتاج.

المصدر : البيئة والمجتمع : التعلم من المعارف التقليدية من منتجات الغابات غير الخشبية : Penan Benalui وAutecology من Aquilaria في بورنيو الأندونيسية

English: Scientific knowledge on gaharu

Friday, February 13, 2009

Scientific knowledge on gaharu

Recorded scientific knowledge concerning gaharu and Aquilaria dates back several centuries to the journals of the first explorers, traders, and naturalists to Asia.

Scientific research in tropical forestry and agriculture undertaken in the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on species of significant commercial value to the colonial trading companies—most notably tea, coffee, cacao, and rubber. Research interest in Aquilaria and its primary product, gaharu, has been sporadic at best.

Most publications have focused on Aquilaria’s botanical characteristics, its products and their uses, occasionally on processing techniques, and later on mechanical properties, wood structure, and chemical properties. Some of the first controlled, scientific experiments with Aquilaria and gaharu production began in India in the late 1920s (Beniwal 1989).

Over the next few decades, only a handful of research reports were published. Between 1970 and 1994, only 22 articles were produced, with more than three-quarters appearing in the last decade and a half. The pattern that emerges across the range of research topics related to Aquilaria indicates an upsurge of interest, both in consumer as well as producer countries, with the increase in commercial activity. Compared with the previous decade, the number of research articles on this species trebled over the last decade.

Across the spectrum of topics, including research on chemical, botanical, and mycological aspects, roughly twice as many publications have appeared on chemical analysis, especially from Japanese scientists interested in biosynthesis. Information from researchers and traders in Southeast Asia indicates that field trials testing various regeneration methods and inoculation protocols are being conducted in Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Laos. Little of this research has been published and it may well be retained as proprietary information given the potential lucrative profits to be made from the successful domestication of gaharu production.

Source: Ecology and Society: Learning from Traditional Knowledge of Non-timber Forest Products: Penan Benalui and the Autecology of Aquilaria in Indonesian Borneo

Thursday, February 12, 2009

Eaglewood in Apo Kayan plateau, Kalimantan

In the mountainous area of northeastern Kalimantan, close to the border with Sarawak, lies the Apo Kayan plateau.

To get there, visitors must brave dense forest, rugged terrain and dangerous rapids. The only relatively safe way to reach the destination is by hitching a ride on one of the small planes operated by the Missionary Aviation Fellowship.

Apo Kayan is mostly inhabited by Kenyah people, a Dayak indigenous group. Their territory is still recognized as one customary land, or wilayah adat, under the leadership of the customary chief, or kepala adat besar, in the village of Long Nawang .

Introducing eaglewood

One of the activities still practiced in the Apo Kayan area is the extraction of non-timber forest products. Gaharu is one example. Also known as eaglewood or aloes wood, the fragrant resinous wood produced by a fungal infection in trees of the genus Aquilaria, it is an export product which is used in the manufacture of incense, perfume, and medicinals. There is no local use for gaharu in Apo Kayan.

A few guidelines for collectors

How does one obtain gaharu? First, the telling signs have to be identified, such as evidence of infection, specific colour of the leaves or the texture of the bark. Local people recognize that this method, while based on local ecological knowledge and experience, is not certain.

Moreover, there is no way to tell what part of the tree might contain the infected heartwood. Sometimes, gaharu collectors might decide to cut a tree with no apparent sign of infection, just to check if it has any.

From small trade beginnings…

In the past, gaharu was traded in small quantities from the Apo Kayan during expeditions to the lowlands. A small collecting boom took place in the 1970s, but it was limited in scope.

Collectors were mostly coming from neighbouring Kenyah villages to harvest high-grade aloes wood. The traders were also mostly Dayak entrepreneurs.

…to serious business

Then things suddenly changed. In early 1991, an increasing number of outside collectors organized in teams and sponsored by traders based in Samarinda, on the south coast of Kalimantan, started appearing. This first gaharu rush lasted until 1995.

After a brief lull, a surge in activities with involvement of outside middlemen and traders re-occurred in 1998, in the sub-district of Kayan Hilir. Today, the trade is still ongoing. With some brief exceptions, the market value of gaharu has increased steadily or, at least, remained constant over the years. Prices rose dramatically right after the economic crisis hit the Southeast Asian countries in 1997-1998.

Source: WWF In focus: Eaglewood in the crossfire: Apo Kayan plateau, Kalimantan

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